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Novalek Newsletter
Dedicated Makers of Kordon Products |
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Kordon Articles
June 2007 |
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Other Featured Articles
Here you will find more articles on the Novalek Web Site. Click on the article to learn more.
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Keep your eye on your e-mail for another exciting development from Kordon. Soon we will announce a great new product that will give you a way to quell your algae problems while saving money.
Thank you for reading. Remember you can contact us anytime with questions on how to be successful with fish.
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Thanks for signing up to receive news from Kordon the proud makers of AmQuel and NovAqua.
In this issue we will provide you with information the Kordon Articles on our web site.
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How Clownfish Sing
Science Roundup AAAS 18 May, 2007
Scientists have known for decades that clownfish -- small reef-dwelling fish that typically live among the tentacles of sea anemones -- are prolific "singers" capable of making a wide variety of "chirp" and "pop" sounds in the context of reproductive and territorial behaviors. But exactly how the fish make these sounds has remained elusive, largely because they are uttered so quickly. Now, in a Brevia in the 18 May 2007 Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), Parmentier, et al., describe the sonic mechanism of the clownfish in considerable detail. Using sound recordings, coupled with high-speed video and x-ray imaging, the team found that sound production requires a coordinated set of movements that includes raising of the head, lowering of the jaw, and a pulling back of the chest bones. As this happens, so-called sonic ligaments at the sides of the jaw are stretched to a snapping point of sorts, at which jaw slams shut. Sound results from the collisions of the teeth, transferring energy to the jaws that are presumably the sound radiator. The authors suggest that this system may have once been part of a feeding mechanism that was later co-opted to produce sound.
Reference:
by Eric Parmentier,1* Orphal Colleye,1 Michael L. Fine,2 Bruno Frédérich,1 Pierre Vandewalle,1 Anthony Herrel3
S
Abstract: Although clownfish sounds were recorded as early as 1930, themechanism of sound production has remained obscure. Yet, clownfishare prolific "singers" that produce a wide variety of sounds,described as "chirps" and "pops" in both reproductive and agonisticbehavioral contexts. Here, we describe the sonic mechanism ofthe clownfish Amphiprion clarkii.
1 Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Institut de Chimie, Bâtiment B6, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgique.
2 Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2012, USA.
3 Laboratory for Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, Building C, University of Antwerp, Campus "Drie Eiken," Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: E.Parmentier@ulg.ac.be
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What is Different About These Kordon Articles
What is in most articles that you see on the Internet on aquarium and pond keeping is what is based on what has been traditionally known, without providing information about the new developments. What you will see here will be entirely different by its not only including the traditional, but also important recent advancements, particularly those made by Novalek and its Kordon division in products and knowledge for aquarium and pond keeping.
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What the Beginning and Advancing Aquarist Absolutely Needs to Know and Do When Starting An Aquarium
"Aquarium Keeping is Water Keeping" and this involves understanding its own special knowledge and considerations. A recent survey found that internationally over 1/3 of beginning aquarists drop out of aquarium keeping within the first year. That is in fact down from what it was years ago when the technology was not as advanced as it is today. However, having some basic understanding of aquarium keeping can greatly lower the drop out rate, and increase satisfaction. This is as true for the advanced aquarists as it is for the beginning aquarist. There are points covered in this article that advancing aquarists may have not yet encountered, or have misunderstood. The following information should be of help.
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Many aquarists and pond keepers have dropped out of aquarium and pond keeping due to unfortunate experiences with the way new fish introductions were handled. There is a lot to learn in doing it right. Hopefully the following will provide some helpful insights. Our apologies for repeating some points again and again. We receive so many inquiries involving this vital subject in fish keeping, that sometimes saying something more than once is truly needed.
To read more click here.
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Sincerely,
Novalek, Inc. dedicated makers of Kordon & Oasis
2242 Davis Court
Hayward, CA 94545 USA
Phone, international: 1-800-877-7387
e-mail: info@novalek.com
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2242 Davis Court, Hayward, CA 94545-1114, U.S.A.
Tel. (510) 782-4058 • Fax (510)784-0945 • Toll-Free: (800) 877-7387 • E-mail: info@novalek.com
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